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In the agreement, Russia and Iran promised to consult and work together to deal with military and security threats, as well as take part in joint military exercises in their region and beyond.
They also agreed not to allow their territory to be used for actions that threaten the other side.
Iranian President Pezeshkian said that the signing of the agreement means that Russia and Iran are entering a new relationship.
Trade between the two countries can be significantly enhanced with more cooperation in the energy sector.
In a joint news conference with his Iranian counterpart, Russian President Vladimir Putin said his country is considering building a new nuclear power unit in Iran.
Moscow is also trying to sell some of its gas surplus to Tehran. Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, the EU has significantly reduced gas imports from Russia, spurring Moscow to sign up new customers.
A gas pipeline planned from Russia to Iran, which the country is negotiating, will be laid through the territory of Azerbaijan if realized, Interfax news agency reported on Friday, quoting Russian Energy Minister Sergei Tsivilev.
Russia could eventually supply up to 55 billion cubic meters of gas per year to Iran, Putin said.
